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Fabrication of piezoelectric phage films
To fabricate monolayer phage films, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp with a striped pattern was used to generate 2-μm-wide lines in an octadecanethiol self-assembled monolayer with 1 µm interline spacing on a gold-coated silicon substrate. A monolayer of phage was coated onto the cysteamine pattern using a phage-coating method as previously reported31. The octadecanethiol (ODT)/cysteamine patterned substrate (with a vertical cysteamine stripe pattern) was vertically dipped into a phage solution and pulled out at a constant speed (1.2 cm h−1) using a home-built pulling machine controlled by a computer-programmed system. To fabricate multilayer phage films, either the pulling method or the dropcast method was used. With the pulling method, we obtained multilayer phage films with a thickness of up to ~300 nm. To obtain liquid-crystalline phage films with thicknesses greater than 300 nm, we used the dropcast method, in which 100 µl of phage solution (2 mg ml−1 in deionized water) was dropped onto a gold substrate and kept in a desiccator for three days.
Синтетический вирус M13 преобразует кинетическую энергию в электричество