Let's consider the following problem: we have an array of integers and we need to find out the length of the smallest subarray the sum of which is no less than the target number. If we don't have such a subarray we shall return -1.
We can start with a naive approach and consider every possible subarray in the input:
A linked list is a linear data structure, which contains node structure and each node contains two elements. A data part that stores the value at that node and next part that stores the link to the next node as shown in the below image:
The first node also known as HEAD is usually used to traverse through the linked list. The last node (next part of the last node) points to NULL. The list can be visualized as a chain of nodes, where every node points to the next node.
In PHP, singly linked list can be represented as a class and a Node as a separate class. The LinkedList class contains a reference of Node class type.
//node structure
class Node {
public $data;
public $next;
}
class LinkedList {
public $head;
//constructor to create an empty LinkedList
public function __construct(){
$this->head = null;
}
};
Manual lung segmentation takes about 10 minutes and it requires a certain skill to get the same high-quality result as with automatic segmentation. Automatic segmentation takes about 15 seconds.
I assumed that without a neural network it would be possible to get an accuracy of no more than 70%. I also assumed, that morphological operations are only the preparation of an image for more complex algorithms. But as a result of processing of those, although few, 40 samples of tomographic data on hand, the algorithm segmented the lungs without errors. Moreover, after testing in the first five cases, the algorithm didn’t change significantly and correctly worked on the other 35 studies without changing the settings.
Also, neural networks have a disadvantage — for their training we need hundreds of training samples of lungs, which need to be marked up manually.
We used to think of Telegram as a reliable and secure transmission medium for messages of any sort. But under the hood it has a rather common combination of a- and symmetric encryptions. Where’s fun in that? And why would anyone trust their private messages to a third-party anyway?
TL;DR — inventing a private covert channel through users blacklisting each other.
In this article I will explain a texture splatting algorithm which allows you to create more natural terrain. This algorithm may be used in shaders of 3D games as well as in 2D games.
The original post has been updated based on community input in order to remove confusion.
Final version of the whitepaper is available here: